Adverbs (Kata Keterangan)

Adverb artinya keterangan, yaitu kata yang menunjukkan keterangan atau tambahan. Keterangan yang bisa di tunjukkan; tempat (place), waktu (time), kelakuan (manner) and frequensi (keseringan).

A. Adverb of time (waktu)

• now
• today
• this month
• this year
• tomorrow
• yesterday
• last month
• last year
• at 09.00 pm
• after lunch
• after school
• before magrib
• since 2009
• on Sunday
• in Februari
• in 1997
• in three days
• lately
• recently
• just
• ever since
• never
• etc.

Kegunaan Keterangan waktu
Langsung setelah kata kerja di kalimat tidak berobject :

• I am study now 
• They will study tomorrow

Jika kalimat berobjek, maka adverb berada di belakang object :

• I am studying English now
• I will study Mathematics tomorrow 

Setelah keterangan tempat, jika kalimat memiliki keterangan tempat :

• The play soccer in the field every afternoon
• My father went to Surabaya yesterday

B. Adverb of Place (tempat) 

•  In Bandung
• in the class
• here
• there
• under the table
• on the floor
• besides the mosque
• inside the room
• away
• somewhere
• nowhere
• averywhere
• outside the room
• etc.

Penggunaan adverb of place :
- Langusng setelah kata kerja jika tidak ada objek. (here, nowhere, somewhere, three, etc :

• I am studying here
• I will study here

- Di belakang objek jika memiliki object :

• I am studying English here
• They will study Mathematics here

- Sebelum keterangan waktu :

• I am studying English here now
• They will study Mathematics here tomorrow

- Here dan there juga bisa diikuti oleh be, come, go dan noun subject :

• Here is Alvin
• Here we go
• There is Gilang here

C. Adverb of Manner :
 Adverb of manner adalah keterangan yang menggambarkan kelakuan, perbuatan, atau kata kerja. Adverb of manner dibentuk dari kata sifat dengan menambahkan -ly dibelakangnya.
Contoh:
He walks slowly. Slowly menerangkan bagaimana dia berjalan. 
You speak fast. (fast bukan fastly). ini pengecualian.

Cara membentuk adverb of manner:
Slow      - slowly
loud       - loudly
happy    - happily
sad         - sadly
diligent  - diligently

Ketentuan penambahan -ly dalam adverb of manner.
1. Adjective berakhiran "y", huruf "y" diganti "i" kemudian ditambahkan -ly :

• lazy      - Lazily
• happy   - happily
• easy      - easily
• greedy  - greedily

2. Adjective yang berakhiran "e" langsung di tambahkan -ly, kecuali :

• true     - truly 
• due     - duly
• whole - wholly

3. Adjective berakhiran "able/ible", e dihilangkan dan langsung ditambahkan -ly :

• comfortable  - comportably
• sensible        - sensibly 
• capable         - capably 

Pengecualian, beberapa adjectiveyang bentuk adverb of mannernya tetap, tidak di tambahkan -ly :

• fast   - fast   bukan fastly
• hard  - hard  bukan hardly
• soon  - soon  bukan soonly
• early  - early  bukan earlily
• late    - late    bukan lately (akhir-akhir ini)

D. Adverb of Frequency (keterangan seringkali)
Adverb of frequency adalah keterangan keseringan atau seberapa sering sesuatu dilakukan.
a. always, often, seldom, sometimes, continually, frequently, occasionally, once, twice,
     periodically, repeatedly, usually, dll.
b. ever, hardly ever, never, rarely, scarcely ever, seldom, etc.

Penempatan Adverb of frequency
- Dalam kalimat simple present, baik pakai be atau tidak:
a. sesudah be:

• They are always on time.
• She is seldom angry.
• I am never late.

b. Sebelum kata kerja :

• He sometimes goes to school on foot.
•  I never get up late.
• They always clean the class.

c. Setelah kata bantu :

• He can never forget her.
• You have often visited Bali.
• They have already been told for several times.

d. Sebelum kata bantu jika digunakan sendirian juga menekankan atau menjawab pertanyaan:

• Can you do the test by yourself? Yes I always can.
• They know they should study hard, but they never do.

e. Adverb group (always, often, seldom, sometime, sometimes, continually, frequently, occasionally, once, twice, prediocally, repeatedly, usually, etc.) bisa diletakkan di depan atau di akhir kalimat ;

• Often he walked.
• He walked quite often.